Rumor vs Truth: Opioids

Rumor vs Truth: Opioids

Opioid Rules of Thumb Are Sticky—Even When the Evidence Moves On. 

From how quickly dependence risk starts to whether the newest non-opioid really replaces an opioid, a lot of advice is still running on assumptions learned years ago.

In this episode, Don and Steve separate opioid fact from folklore by challenging long-held assumptions with the latest evidence.

  • 💊 How fast can dependence risk start after a first prescription?
  • 🆕 Does suzetrigine (Journavx) give opioids a run for their money with safety?
  • 🩹 Do antihistamines actually touch opioid-induced itching?
  • 🧩 And why is ‘never use opioids’ the wrong rule for patients with OUD?

We’ll titrate the puns and press on a few pain points to get to the truth behind these claims:

  • Dependence risk can increase soon after initiating opioids.
  • Suzetrigine is safer than opioids.
  • Antihistamines are very effective for opioid-induced pruritus (itching).
  • Patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) cannot be treated with opioids for pain.

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TRC Healthcare Editor Hosts:

  • Stephen Small, PharmD, BCPS, BCPPS, BCCCP, CNSC
  • Don Weinberger, PharmD, PMSP

 

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None of the speakers have anything to disclose.

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Transcript:

This transcript is automatically generated. 

00:00:05 Narrator

Welcome to Rumor vs Truth, your trusted source for facts, where we dissect the evidence behind risky rumors and reveal clinical truths. Today, we’ll discuss the pain points around opioids.

00:00:21 Steve Small

Now, before we start talking about claims today, Don, I’ve got a fun fact that will make your day. Rumor vs Truth has now reached over 50,000 downloads.

00:00:31 Don Weinberger

I’m giving that claim a verdict of true, no conditions. And thank you to our listeners for being our dedicated audience, tuning in to learn more as we untangle risky rumors from clinical truths.

00:00:43 Steve Small

And I’m just glad folks don’t think our puns are as painful as we thought. And with that, I’m Steve the pharmacist.

00:00:50 Don Weinberger

And I’m Don the pharmacist. And speaking of painful puns, we’re going to talk about opioid claims in this episode to see which ones are true versus which ones need a rescue dose of evidence.

00:01:02 Steve Small

Right, and these rumors don’t just cause confusion, right? They can affect pain care, overdose response, and how we treat patients with opioid use disorder.

00:01:12 Don Weinberger

And this feels especially important right now. The opioid conversation has changed a lot for the past few years. Clinicians are trying to balance appropriate pain treatment with safety concerns, new non-opioid options, are entering the market and old assumptions about mild opioids are being challenged by newer evidence.

00:01:30 Steve Small

So if you learned your opioid pearls years ago and haven’t revisited them recently, this episode might surprise you.

00:01:38 Don Weinberger

And should we give the audience our lineup, Steve?

00:01:41 Steve Small

Well, hold on to your white coat Don. We’re going to talk about why dependence risk may start earlier than many clinicians assume, whether the new drug suzetrigine is actually the opioid alternative it’s marketed as, why antihistamines frequently disappoint for opioid-induced itching, and why opioid use disorder does not automatically rule out opioid treatment for pain.

00:02:03 Don Weinberger

That’s a lot of clinical territory to cover, Steve. We need to titrate the puns, monitor for evidence gaps, and avoid breakthrough nonsense.

00:02:12 Steve Small

And let’s keep the nonsense to a minimum by taking a moment to remind our listeners that this podcast offers continuing education credit for pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, prescribers, and nurses.

00:02:24 Don Weinberger

Just log into your pharmacist letter, pharmacy technician’s letter, or prescriber insights account and look for the title of this podcast in the list of available CE courses.

00:02:33 Steve Small

And for the purposes of disclosures, none of the speakers today have anything to disclose.

00:02:39 Don Weinberger

Steve, opioids are one of the topics where two things can be true at once. they could be essential for managing pain, but they can carry serious risks if we get casual with the details.

00:02:51 Steve Small

Right. The problem is that the casual details become clinic hallway wisdom. Like short courses are always safe, higher naloxone is automatically better, and even conversion tables are exact. Codeine works for cough, like the list goes on. And it sounds tidy, but the evidence is messier.

00:03:09 Don Weinberger

And today’s claims cover both sides, avoiding unnecessary opioid harm, but also making sure patients who need pain treatment, especially patients with opioid use disorder, aren’t dismissed or undertreated.

00:03:22 Steve Small

Yeah, so the theme today is not opioids bad or opioids good. It’s opioids require nuance, which is the least catchy slogan ever, but clinically very useful.

00:03:36 Don Weinberger

Let’s get into the evidence carefully, because this is 1 place where shortcuts can cause real problems.

00:03:42 Steve Small

Right. Let’s start with a claim that challenges something a lot of clinicians have probably thought at some point. It’s only a few days of opioids. What harm can that do? So the claim is that dependence risk can increase soon after initiating opioids.

00:03:56 Don Weinberger

I’m glad we’re looking at this first. Before we go any further, we should clarify something. So physical dependence occurs with repeated use, causing the neurons in the brain to adapt so they can only function normally when a patient is taking the drug. So taking away the drug can cause several reactions or withdrawal symptoms.

00:04:18 Steve Small

And let’s not confuse that with addiction or opioid use disorder, which is a chronic disease where patients develop uncontrollable drug-seeking behavior despite negative consequences, and it involves long-lasting changes in the brain.

00:04:33 Don Weinberger

So with dependence, what’s the time frame? And do we have studies on this?

00:04:39 Steve Small

We have some evidence. An important observational study back from 2017 looked at opioid naive adults, so folks that had not taken opioids yet, and found that the probability of long-term opioid use increased with each additional day of meds supplied. And the curve started changing early with notable increases after about day five and again after longer initial supplies.

00:05:05 Don Weinberger

Okay, so this makes sense. the longer you’re on it, the more the brain will be adapted to it and increasing the risk of dependence. But that five days actually might surprise some though.

00:05:16 Steve Small

Yeah, and now a more recent 2023 study looked at more outcomes, things like risk of opioid misuse, poisoning, or dependence.

00:05:25 Steve Small

And this study was big, looking at almost 1,000,000 patients who received opioids in Spain between 2012 and 2018. And they found the risk increase for opioid prescriptions written for a four day supply or longer.

00:05:39 Don Weinberger

So clinically, this supports thoughtful initial prescribing. Use opioids when appropriate, but don’t treat the first prescription as harmless just because it is short. Time isn’t exactly on our side.

00:05:53 Steve Small

Exactly. And risk still appears to exist with short courses. So when it comes to this claim that dependence risk can increase soon after initiating opioids, the verdict is true.

00:06:08 Don Weinberger

So the practical takeaway here is, you know, don’t assume a short course is automatically a low risk course. Dependent risk can begin increasing sooner than many clinicians realize. Ensure opioids are prescribed for the lowest effective dose of opioids for the shortest duration needed.

00:06:25 Steve Small

And that’s why opioid stewardship isn’t just about avoiding long-term use. It’s about making thoughtful decisions from the very first prescription. An important initial strategy to limit opioid needs is to optimize non-opioid meds like acetaminophen or ibuprofen first, while also using non-drug strategies, things like physical therapy.

00:06:45 Don Weinberger

Right. And don’t walk away thinking that four to five days is a hard and fast rule. We know risks can vary case by case, and be weighed against benefits.

00:06:56 Steve Small

Right. As an example, while three to five days of opioids may be appropriate for most cases of postoperative pain, some patients may need more than seven days if they’ve had severe trauma or multiple injuries, things like that.

00:07:08 Don Weinberger

So see our opioid stewardship checklist to help you limit risks when you write, verify, or dispense prescriptions. Okay, so next up is a newer drug that has gotten a lot of attention because everyone wants better pain relief, without that opioid baggage. My claim is Suzetrigine is safer than opioids.

00:07:27 Steve Small

Suzetrigine brand name Journavx. I hope I’m saying that right Don.

00:07:32 Don Weinberger

Good Job! I think you are.

00:07:34 Steve Small

And that’s definitely made a splash recently. There’s been plenty of interest in it since we’ve seen, or rather we haven’t seen, a new pain med class like this approved for really over 2 decades.

00:07:46 Don Weinberger

All right. And before we start, let’s be clear about something, safer depends on what risk you’re talking about. Regarding addiction potential, it’s not an opioid or controlled substance. Instead, suzetrigine is a sodium channel blocker that targets pain signals in the peripheral nervous system.

00:08:05 Steve Small

Essentially meaning it doesn’t do much in the brain itself, which is good because that’s part of the issue with how opioids cause dependence and addiction by affecting the brain’s reward centers.

00:08:16 Don Weinberger

plus it avoids other opioid side effects such as respiratory depression.

00:08:22 Steve Small

So I could see it being safer in that respect, right? But safety is only part of the equation. How well does it actually treat pain, Don?

00:08:29 Don Weinberger

Right. So we have randomized controlled trials in adults that showed its use for moderate to severe acute pain after certain surgeries, mostly abdominoplasties or, you know, tummy tucks or bunionectomies, and they found that suzetrigine reduced pain more than placebo. And pain reduction was similar when compared to patients taking hydrocodone and acetaminophen, 5, 325 milligram strength.

00:08:55 Steve Small

So it’s better than placebo, but hydrocodone and acetaminophen, it seems like a weak opioid choice for most cases involving post-op pain, at least that I’ve seen, even if the study’s looking at bunionectomies, right?

00:09:10 Don Weinberger

And this is where the condition part walks in, wearing sensible shoes.

00:09:15 Steve Small

Always with sensible shoes.

00:09:18 Don Weinberger

Typically see that low hydrocodone acetaminophen dosage used in other surgeries, especially not for major and intensive surgeries. And these studies only looked at using it up to two weeks, which is a reasonably short duration. So this is hard to apply to a lot of cases. And we don’t have a lot of data commonly to say Suzetrigine will really step up to the plate there.

00:09:42 Steve Small

Yeah, time will tell with more evidence. And Suzetrigine has drug interaction issues, specifically CYP3A pathways, right? So it may not be the safest option depending on patients’ other meds.

00:09:54 Don Weinberger

Plus, it’s costly. It’s about $15 a pill, which can represent insurance barriers. Even a medication with advantages on paper isn’t particularly helpful. Insurance barriers or waiting for authorizations prevents patients from actually receiving it. So going back to that claim, Suzetrigine is safer than opioids and the verdict is true with conditions.

00:10:21 Steve Small

So it’s safer than opioids in important ways? Yes, especially regarding addictive potential and some opioid type adverse effects.

00:10:30 Steve Small

But don’t turn non-opioid here into a synonym for risk-free, right? Suzetrigine comes with a different set of trade-offs than opioids, like questions around pain control, duration, interactions, and obviously cost.

00:10:43 Don Weinberger

Yeah, so I like to think of Suzetrigine as a promising non-opioid option for short-term acute pain, not a universal replacement for every opioid in every pain scenario.

00:10:56 Steve Small

Yeah, and don’t compare it to opioids only by asking, does it work? Also ask for whom, for how long, with what interactions, and compared with what alternatives. I’m sure some clinicians listening are asking, well, should then we be excited about this new med?

00:11:14 Don Weinberger

Oh, we can celebrate all we want. Just don’t let excitement replace critical thinking.

00:11:19 Steve Small

Which might be the unofficial theme of this entire podcast, to be honest.

00:11:25 Don Weinberger

You know what else is exciting?

00:11:26 Don Weinberger

We also have a list of other non-opioid meds that might help your patients in our analgesics for acute pain in adults resource. It can help you compare options, including suzetrigine. And speaking of resources.

00:11:41 Steve Small

Yeah, we’ve linked directly to several related TRC resources in the show notes, including tools on opioid prescribing, opioid safety, and pain management.

00:11:51 Don Weinberger

If you aren’t already a subscriber, don’t miss out on these resources.

00:11:55 Don Weinberger

Sign up today with listener code RVT1026 at checkout to get 10% off to help you stay ahead with trusted insights and tools.

00:12:04 Steve Small

And with that, now we’re going to do more than just scratch the surface with this next claim. It’s that antihistamines are very effective for opioid induced pruritus or itching.

00:12:16 Don Weinberger

So I feel like I commonly see antihistamines like diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine used for opioid induced itching or pruritus. But now I’m second guessing the evidence.

00:12:29 Steve Small

And perhaps you should, Don. Itching can occur with certain opioids, commonly codeine and morphine is the most common. But since these meds increase histamine release, right? But this is generally not considered an allergic reaction. Think of it more of as a side effect.

00:12:45 Don Weinberger

But, you know, I could see folks might think histamine equals itching and histamine equals fixed.

00:12:52 Steve Small

And histamine may play a role, but it isn’t the whole story here. Opioid receptors themselves appear to contribute a little bit to the itching response, which helps explain why antihistamines often underperform.

00:13:04 Steve Small

Most evidence we have for antihistamines are actually from studies involving pregnant women receiving diphenhydramine for itching from opioid epidurals, you know, during labor and delivery. And diphenhydramine studies wasn’t much better than placebo for preventing itching.

00:13:19 Don Weinberger

And it’s hard to extrapolate that trial data to other scenarios and populations.

00:13:25 Don Weinberger

That situation would never apply to you and me, Steve.

00:13:29 Steve Small

Very true, Don. Plus, there might be more effective options. A handful of studies looking at IV opioid antagonists like nalbuphine and low-dose naloxone infusions for treatment of morphine epidural pruritus show that they perform better than placebo and sometimes antihistamines.

00:13:48 Don Weinberger

So then why do you think antihistamines stick around for this?

00:13:53 Steve Small

Don, I’m wondering if it’s probably the sedation. Maybe they don’t directly treat the itching. Maybe some patients perceive relief because they’re less aware of the itch or scratch less. It literally just makes you forget your itching.

00:14:06 Don Weinberger

Right. So yeah, if you’re asleep, you’re not really itching, right? So it’s more like it makes you forget you’re itchy rather than targeting the problem. Plus, you know, I worry that combining antihistamines can worsen opioid side effects like drowsiness or slowed breathing, even worsen things like constipation and urinary retention.

00:14:26 Steve Small

and that’s where I worry too. If we’re adding a sedating antihistamine to a sedating opioid, we may be ending up increasing drowsiness and other unwanted effects without really solving the itch problem. So when it comes to this claim that antihistamines are very effective for opioid induced pruritus, the verdict is rumor with conditions.

00:14:50 Don Weinberger

Antihistamines aren’t necessarily a reliable way to manage itching from opioids based on limited evidence that we have.

00:14:58 Steve Small

Right, first, avoid opioids that are prone to itching in the 1st place, like codeine or morphine, when possible. And use options up front or switch to ones with lower risk, such as oxycodone.

00:15:09 Don Weinberger

If the patient has itching in the hospital, consider IV nalbuphine or low dose naloxone infusion.

00:15:15 Steve Small

You see those all the time. And if the medical team or patient still wants to try an antihistamine, lean towards a less sedating option. I’m thinking options like cetirizine or loratadine to limit those sedating side effects.

00:15:27 Don Weinberger

So the bottom line isn’t that antihistamines never work, it’s that data show we can’t say they’re very effective.

00:15:37 Steve Small

And before labeling a patient as having an opioid allergy because of this itching, make sure you’re distinguishing A predictable side effect from a true allergic reaction here.

00:15:48 Don Weinberger

And that’s where our investigating possible drug allergy or sensitivity resource can help.

00:15:54 Steve Small

Love that. Nice Don. And now everyone’s favorite segment, fast facts.

00:16:05 Don Weinberger

So this is where we jump into common bio-sized claims about opioids and give them a seal of approval or debunk them quickly.

00:16:12 Steve Small

And first up, intranasal naloxone doses over 4 milligrams are more effective for opioid overdoses.

00:16:18 Don Weinberger

The verdict is rumor. 2024 study compared 8 milligrams versus 4 milligram intranasal naloxone found no significant differences in survival or number of doses administered, but higher withdrawal signs and symptoms with the 8 milligrams.

00:16:32 Steve Small

So more naloxone is not automatically better naloxone. Give repeat doses when needed, but don’t assume the higher dose product improves routine outcomes.

00:16:42 Don Weinberger

Correct. Next claim is equianalgesic conversion tables are precise.

00:16:47 Steve Small

Verdict here is rumor with conditions. They are useful guides, but they are built on limited data, often single dose studies, which I was surprised to hear. And they do not account for patient specific factors such as organ function, genetics, tolerance, interactions, or what you’re even rotating to.

00:17:04 Don Weinberger

So use your table and then use that brain, which inconveniently is not available as an app update.

00:17:10 Steve Small

Very true, Don. And our last claim here is that codeine is an effective option for cough.

00:17:16 Don Weinberger

The verdict is, evidence is mixed. Codeine has a long history of being an antitussive, anti-cough, but trials and reviews often fail to consistently show clear benefits over placebo for common acute cough. And CYP2D6 metabolism creates variability and safety concerns in certain patients.

00:17:33 Steve Small

Especially children, right? FDA and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend against codeine cough suppressants in kids under 18.

00:17:41 Steve Small

And they’re contraindicated in kids under 12, since risks such as overdose, dependence, and slower breathing outweigh codeine’s benefits.

00:17:54 Don Weinberger

So notice the pattern? A lot of opioid myths start with a simple rule and fall apart when you look at the details.

00:18:00 Steve Small

Which means we’re perfectly prepared for our final claim.

00:18:04 Don Weinberger

Yes we are. And this claim can cause real harm, if clinicians just treat it as an absolute.

00:18:11 Don Weinberger

And that claim is patients with opioid use disorder or OUD can’t be treated with opioids for pain.

00:18:19 Steve Small

I’m glad we’re tackling this, Don, because we get a lot of questions about this.

00:18:23 Don Weinberger

And we do. It’s important to note here that patients with OUD still experience acute pain, surgical pain, trauma pain, cancer pain, and chronic pain.

00:18:33 Steve Small

Right. And I think this is where a lot of clinicians start feeling uncomfortable.

00:18:36 Steve Small

Nobody wants to undertreat severe pain, but nobody wants to trigger relapse, worsen misuse risk, or interfere with a patient’s meds for opioid use disorder, MOUD, either. Meds like buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone.

00:18:50 Don Weinberger

Exactly. And that’s why simple rules, they don’t work here. Quote, never use opioids is too simplistic. Quote, treat them exactly like everyone else is also too simplistic. These situations usually require thoughtful planning and coordination.

00:19:06 Steve Small

And you actually wrote an article about this recently, Don, on the August issues of Pharmacist Letter and Prescriber Insights. So what are some good tips to think about here?

00:19:14 Don Weinberger

Yeah, well, for mild to moderate pain, optimize those multimodal non-opioid analgesics first. You know, things like acetaminophen, Toradol, or nerve blocks if you’re in the hospital.

00:19:28 Steve Small

And if non-opioids aren’t enough?

00:19:31 Don Weinberger

Expect to add a short-acting full opioid agonist, things like hydromorphone, fentanyl, morphine, things like that.

00:19:41 Don Weinberger

Higher initial doses may be used to overcome receptor blockade and tolerance from those medications for opioid use disorder or MOUDs. And also methadone and buprenorphine are usually continued as those MOUDs.

00:19:54 Steve Small

And that makes it important to verify home doses directly with the patient or their treatment program because we know prescription drug monitoring program databases with your state may not reflect current dosing of those meds.

00:20:05 Don Weinberger

Excellent call out.

00:20:06 Don Weinberger

Yes.

00:20:07 Don Weinberger

And those MOUD regimens may be adjusted to double duty as analgesia, such as splitting daily methadone doses into 3 doses per day and buprenorphine split into giving doses every 6 to 8 hours.

00:20:20 Don Weinberger

Doing this can help utilize their short analgesic windows.

00:20:25 Don Weinberger

Going back to that claim, which is patients with opioid use disorder cannot be treated with opioids for pain.

00:20:30 Don Weinberger

The verdict is… Rumor.

00:20:38 Steve Small

So to be clear here, patients with opioid use disorder can be treated for pain.

00:20:42 Steve Small

And sometimes that includes using opioids, but it should be deliberate, coordinated, and risk aware.

00:20:49 Don Weinberger

Yeah, unfortunately, this is one of those rumors that can cause real patient harm when people believe it.

00:20:56 Steve Small

So don’t use opioid use disorder as a reason to dismiss pain.

00:20:59 Steve Small

Use it as a reason to plan carefully.

00:21:01 Steve Small

If you work in a hospital, see if you have an addiction medicine team that you can collaborate with to design a safe plan.

00:21:07 Don Weinberger

Yeah, good call out, Steve.

00:21:08 Don Weinberger

And for community pharmacists, coordinate with the patient’s MOUD prescriber when possible.

00:21:14 Don Weinberger

Use multimodal analgesia and document the goal and duration, monitor it closely, and avoid stigma in the language that you use.

00:21:23 Steve Small

All important steps. And for technicians, you can help by checking with the patient or their treatment program to see what their actual MOUD regimen is.

00:21:31 Steve Small

Prescription drug monitoring programs or those PDMPs we talked about aren’t always current since regimens change frequently.

00:21:37 Don Weinberger

You know, we got a great FAQ, which is treatment of acute pain and opioid use disorder, to give you more tips on safe approaches in these complex situations.

00:21:47 Steve Small

That is a great and popular resource.

00:21:49 Steve Small

And in terms of our episode today, the bottom line truth is that opioids are not villains, heroes, or shortcuts.

00:21:55 Steve Small

They are high stakes tools. And the safest tool is 1 used deliberately.

00:22:00 Don Weinberger

Love that. So today’s claims were different, but they all pointed to the same lesson.

00:22:05 Don Weinberger

Beware of absolutes. In opioid care, simple answers are often the most dangerous answers.

00:22:11 Steve Small

And that’s why good clinicians don’t rely on assumptions.

00:22:14 Steve Small

They rely on evidence, context, and careful patient-centered decision-making.

00:22:19 Steve Small

Now we’ve got you thinking, and hopefully not itching, claim CE credit and access evidence-based resources from pharmacist letter, pharmacy technicians letter, or prescriber insights.

00:22:31 Don Weinberger

If you’re not yet a subscriber or want to upgrade, you can save 10% with our exclusive listener code, RVT1026 at checkout.

00:22:40 Don Weinberger

Easy link in the show notes.

00:22:42 Steve Small

And if you’re already a subscriber, tap the claim credit link in the show notes or search your CE organizer for this episode.

00:22:50 Don Weinberger

All right, and now mailbag time.

00:22:53 Don Weinberger

We got an audience question from our previous laxative episode come through our rumor vs truth at trchealthcare.com e-mail.

00:23:02 Don Weinberger

And they asked us, is it true that polyethylene glycol needs to be separated from other meds?

00:23:07 Don Weinberger

And if so, by how long?

00:23:10 Steve Small

Good question.

00:23:11 Steve Small

And we had to sit and ponder this one.

00:23:14 Don Weinberger

Those puns came rolling back, which for a laxative question is either very fitting or very unfortunate.

00:23:21 Don Weinberger

If you’re curious, just scroll your feed for the bonus mailbag and you’ll find our full answer there.

00:23:27 Steve Small

And if you’d like to have your question about this opioid episode answered for our next bonus mailbag, whether it’s about naloxone, itching, OUD, cough, or other rumors, send it in.

00:23:38 Don Weinberger

E-mail us at Rumor vs Truth at trchealthcare.com or send us fan mail right from the podcast show notes.

00:23:46 Don Weinberger

We also use your suggestions and feedback to plan our episodes.

00:23:49 Steve Small

And join us next time where we’ll tackle unique claims about generic meds.

00:23:54 Don Weinberger

Yep, we’ll see which claims are truly interchangeable or which ones come with very important exceptions.

00:24:00 Don Weinberger

So thank you for joining us on Rumor vs Truth, your trusted source for facts, where we dissect the evidence behind risky rumors and reveal those clinical truths.

00:24:10 Steve Small

We’ll see you next time.

Rumor vs Truth

Rumor vs Truth Podcast: Full Episode History

Rumor vs Truth: Full Episode History